Principles of Effective Writing F.L. Lucas on Style

A number of students and business professionals alike struggle with the concept of how to write effectively. Expressing oneself through the written word can, indeed, be a challenge. In fact, after 40 years as a professor of English at Cambridge University, Frank Laurence Lucas concluded that teaching people how to write  well  is impossible. To write really well is a gift inborn; those who have it teach themselves, he said, though also added, one can sometimes teach them to write rather  better   instead. In his 1955 book, Style, Lucas attempted to do just that and shorten that painful process of learning how to write better. Joseph Epstein wrote in The New Criterion that F.L. Lucas wrote the best book  on  prose  composition  for the not-so-simple reason that, in the modern era, he was the smartest, most cultivated man to turn his energies to the task. The following 10 principles of writing better were laid out in this same book.   Brevity, Clarity, and Communication Lucas posits that it is rude to waste the readers time, therefore brevity must always come before clarity. To be concise with ones words, especially in writing, should be taken as a virtue. Inversely, it is also rude to give readers needless trouble, therefore clarity  should be considered next. In order to achieve this, Lucas claims one must allow his or her writing to serve the people rather than impress them, taking trouble with word choice and audiences understanding in order to more succinctly express oneself. In terms of the social purpose of language, Lucas claims  communication  is at the center of the writers pursuit in any composition — to inform, misinform or otherwise influence our peers through our use of language, style, and usage. For Lucas, communication is more difficult than we may think. We are all serving life sentences of solitary confinement within our bodies; like prisoners, we have, as it were, to tap in an awkward code to our fellow men in their neighboring cells. He further claims a degradation of the written word in modern times, likening the tendency to replace communication with private maundering to oneself  to drugging an audience with laced tobacco. Emphasis, Honesty, Passion, and Control Just as the art of war largely consists of deploying the strongest forces at the most important points, so the art of writing depends largely on putting the strongest words in the most important places, making style  and  word order  paramount to emphasizing the written word effective. For us, the most emphatic place in a clause or sentence is the end. This is the climax; and, during the momentary pause that follows, that last word continues, as it were, to reverberate in the reader’s mind. Mastering this art allows the writer to structure a flow to the conversation of writing, to move the reader with ease.   To further garner their trust and make for better writing overall Lucas claims honesty is key. As the police put it, anything you say may be used as evidence against you. If handwriting reveals character, writing reveals it still more. In this, you cannot fool all your judges all the time. Therefore Lucas posits that Most style is not honest enough. A writer may take to long words, as young men to beards — to impress. But long words, like long beards, are often the badge of charlatans. Conversely, a writer may only write about the obscure, cultivating the strange to seem profound, but as he puts it even carefully muddied puddles are soon fathomed. Eccentricity then does not dictate originality, rather an original idea and person can no more help being so that they can help breathing. Theres no need, as the saying goes, for them to dye their hair green.   From this honesty, passion, and control thereof must be applied to achieve the perfect balance of decent writing. One of the eternal  paradoxes of both life and literature — that without passion little gets done; yet, without control of that passion, its effects are largely ill or null. Similarly in writing, one must abstain from unbridled rants (keeping it concise) of things that fascinate you and instead control and channel that passion into succinct, honest prose.   Reading, Revision and the Nuances of Writing As many other great creative writing teachers will tell you, the truly best way to become a better writer is by  reading good books, as one learns to talk by hearing good talkers. If you find yourself fascinated by a type of writing and aspire to imitate that style, do just that. By practicing in the style of your favorite authors, your own personal voice adheres closer to that style you want to achieve, often creating a hybrid between your unique style and that which you imitate. These nuances in writing become especially important for the writer as he approaches the end of the writing process: revision. It helps to remember that the sophisticated do not necessarily express them better than the simple, nor can the opposite always be said to be true — essentially a balance of sophistication and simplicity makes for dynamic work. Further, apart from a few simple principles, the sound and  rhythm  of English prose seem to matters where both writers and readers should trust not so much to rules as to their ears.   With these nuanced principles in mind, the writer should then consider revising any work completed (because a work is never truly completed the first time around).  Revision is like every authors fairy godmother — granting the ability of the writer to go back and gussy up sloppy, unclear prose, to control some of the passion spilling onto the page and to eliminate superfluous words meant only to impress. Lucas concluded his discussion of style by quoting the 18th-century Dutch writer Madame de Charrià ¨re: Have ideas that are clear, and expressions that are simple. Neglecting that bit of advice, Lucas said, is responsible for more than half the bad writing in the world.

The Things Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe - 1451 Words

Packed with patriarchal superiority, Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart focuses on protagonist Okonkwo and his desire to live his life as a strong, masculine figure with a title worth showing off. This Nigerian novel provides an inside view of the oppression women faced in nineteenth century Igbo culture and the lengths to which men were willing to go to avoid appearing feminine. Criticizing Achebe’s novel through a feminist lens makes abundantly clear the unbalanced relationship between the sexes in the western African nation. Things Fall Apart showcases the accepted cultural norm of viewing women as inferior in society by judging feminine qualities to be of less worth than masculine qualities, treating women as property to be done with as the males see fit, and forcing women to live in fear of being heavily abused if they do not follow the commands of their husbands. Igbo culture traditionally saw women as being weaker and less capable of many tasks than men, as is highlighted in both Things Fall Apart and an essay analyzing the issues of gender politics in Achebe’s novel by Harvard University Professor of African and African American Studies and of Comparative Literature Biodun Jeyifo. In his essay Okonkwo and His Mother: Things Fall Apart and Issues of Gender in the Constitution of African Postcolonial Discourse Jeyifo addresses the idea that: Okonkwo s representation of ‘femaleness’ as weakness and irresoluteness seems to have validation in the system of division ofShow MoreRelatedThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1415 Words   |  6 Pagesbook Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe does just that. This book should be taught in schools because it shows the values and traditions of Achebe’s Igbo culture, persistently teaches life lessons throughout the book, and shows the darker reality of European colonialism in Africa. Chinua Achebe is known as one of the most influential and famous authors to ever write. Chinua Achebe originates from an Igbo background and he expresses that through his writings very well including Things Fall ApartRead MoreThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe1324 Words   |  6 Pages Chinua Achebe chose to write his novels in English to reveal a deep response of his people to colonisation and to make that response understood to people all over the world. Things Fall Apart was written in English to teach people worldwide of the struggles he faced and the people of Nigeria faced growing up. Many authors and critics have written about Achebe’s ‘Things fall apart’ adding their valued opinion on what he was trying to say and his decision to write in English. In the followingRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe Essay1203 Words   |  5 Pages who took their land for monetary gain. This was a dark period of time for Africans that live there. The U.S. Civil War and The Great Depression both can be related, in this instance, to how down their people were because of what happened. Chinua Achebe said it best, â€Å"I would be quite satisfied if my novels...did no more than teach my readers of their past...was not a long night of savagery from which the first European acting on God’s behalf delivered them†(qtd. in â€Å"Morning Yet† 45). In theRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1452 Words   |  6 Pagesassume control over the Roman Empire. However, imperialism in Africa remained a recorded element from 1750 to 1945. This paper visits how control and changes were influences over the Africans during this time period as seen through Chinua Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apart. (UKEssays, 2015) Europe was experiencing a few financial and political changes that forced the major European forces to investigate abroad regions to add to their resources during the seventeenth century. In order for the EuropeanRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe2361 Words   |  10 PagesThings Fall Apart Book Critique Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is a historical fiction novel describing the life of Okonkwo in a Nigerian village succumbing to European ways, in order to portray Achebe’s view on imperialism. It was chosen for us to read by our teacher because it describes imperialism and its effects in an Ibo village of Nigeria. It also shows the treatment of natives by the Europeans and how the natives reacted. Things Fall Apart is useful to our course of studies because itRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1265 Words   |  6 PagesThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is markedly relevant to our current course of studies in World History, as it tells a story based on European Imperialism in Africa. Coming off the heels of our Imperialism unit, this post-colonial novel provides very helpful context on different civilizations’ perspectives throughout the Age of Imperialism; aside from analyzing death tolls, descriptions of conflicts, and names of countries, it was previousl y hard to envision what life was actually like during thatRead MoreThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe 735 Words   |  3 PagesThings fall apart. Achebe. Ernest Gaines once said, â€Å"I write to try to find out who I am. One of my main themes is manliness. I think Im trying to figure out what manliness really is.† Indeed, every society or culture has its own understanding of an ideal man. Even though these characteristics are different in various parts of the world, the significance of masculinity can never be overestimated. â€Å"Things Fall Apart† by Chinua Achebe is considered as one of the best examples of a riseRead MoreThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe692 Words   |  3 Pagesthe way to go. Through commercial trading Islam spread into Igboland, and this led to more Igbo people leaving the Igbo way of life for another, whether it be Islam or Christianity which divide the country in two. In the novel Things Fall Apart written by Chinua Achebe British colonialism and the migration of Muslims to Nigeria led to the change in the faith, social and economic changes in the Igbo society. Traditional Igbo faith believes that there is only one creator or god known as ChinekeRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe897 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novel, â€Å"Things Fall Apart† by Chinua Achebe the Igbo tradition revolves around structured gender role. Everything essential of Igbo life is based on their gender, which throughout the novel it shows the role of women and the position they hold, from their role in the family household, also planting women crops, to bearing children. Although the women were claimed to be weaker and seemed to be treated as objects, in the Igbo culture the women still provided qualities that make them worthyRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe Essay1851 Words   |  8 Pageschoice and styles are critical not only to the reader’s understanding of the text but to his appreciation as well. How language is effectively manipulated in their writings enhances the reader’s valuing of the works. The selected novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is a representation of Igbo culture and their language. It explores the life of an Igbo tribe at the time of when colonization hit Africa. It could be considered as a post-colonial text, as the protagonist of the story and the other

Analyze strategy of Starbucks Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analyze strategy of Starbucks. Answer: Introduction This paper discusses the strategy of Starbucks Inc and analyzes how these strategies are modeled to help the company achieve its goals and objectives. The paper analyzes the growth strategy of Starbucks, its marketing and communication strategy as well as market segmentation. An analysis of the financial performance of the company is also done in this paper. Starbucks` strategy Starbucks strategy is anchored around future growth by growing the number of stores across various geographical regions. Starbucks is concentrating on increasing he number of stores especially in Asia Pacific and middle East. The strategy of the company also involves elevating the coffee experience of customers and hence improving customer satisfaction. Driving at home coffee and share occasion strategy will help to diversify and increase the brands product portfolio and hence fueling growth. How is competing for Starbucks Competition for Starbucks is stiff but the company has a strong brand that helps it to be competitive and it has helped the company to maintain its market leadership position(McGee, 89). Some of the main competitors for Starbucks include Dunkin` Donuts and McDonald`s. Competition from substitute drinks such as Soda is also high. Where is competing Competition for Starbucks is widely spread in all regions that the company operates. Competition is very intense in Europe and US. The company differentiates products depending on the market and the type and level of competition. Types of competitive advantage experienced by Starbucks There are two types of competitive advantage; Cost competitive advantage involves a company competing in the market by minimizing cost and hence offering goods and services at lower prices compared to their of the competitor. Differentiation strategy involves a company exploiting its ability to differentiate products and services and hence help the company become more competitive than other players in the industry (Jeyarathmm, 134). The cost may remain high but products offered are unique and hence customers will be attracted to the company. Market segmentation Starbucks segments its market based on a variety of factors. These aspects include; Geographic market segmentation- Starbucks divides its market depending on the geographic location of outlets. This is done according to the continent in which the company is operating. Demographic segmentation- Demographic factors such as gender and age are used by Starbucks when developing products e.g there are special products made for kids. Market positioning Starbucks has positioned itself as the premium and classic coffee outlet globally that focuses on optimizing consumer experiencing and satisfying the needs and desires of customers. Starbucks puts a lot of emphasize on customer experience and this has been instrumental to the company maintaining its strong brand and market position (Strategic Marketing Management,9-76). Vertical scope Starbucks is not vertically integrated. The company specializes in coffee retail through its various outlets in different locations. Starbucks does not engage in coffee production but it monitors the quality of coffee beans which are processed to become the coffee that it offers customers (Hitt, 17-56). Geographical scope Starbucks operates globally. It opens stores in all continents globally depending on market analysis and the forecast demand in a particular market. Starbucks strategy is to reach as many potential customers globally as possible and hence help it meet the goal of serving the world Starbucks coffee (Petit,47 ). Product scope Starbucks has a wide products portfolio. Starbucks main product is coffee and tea but both products are highly differentiated to cater for the tastes and preferences of different customers. There are more than 30 blends of coffee and a single-origin premium coffee (David and David 405-417) . Ready to drink beverages are also a popular product of Starbucks. The other products offered by Starbucks include; Handcrafted beverages, merchandise and fresh food. Performance of Starbucks for the year 2016 For the financial year ended October 2016 Starbucks recorded an operating income of $4.2billion. This is an increase of 16% from the previous years operating income. The growth in income of the company can be attributed to the expansion of the company by opening more stores globally. The sales in Americas also increased by 11% and growth in the Chinese market were very encouraging. The global sales for the year 2016 increased by 4%. The revenue for Starbucks in the year 2016 was recorded at 21.32 billion US dollars. Starbucks stocks have not been performing well recently with the stock price having decreased by 13% in August 2016. Sales growth computation for Starbucks Sales for the year 2015 were $19.2 billion. The sales grew in the following year to $21.32 billion. The following is a computation of the sales growth for the year 2016: Increase in sales= 21.32-19.2=2.12 billion Us dollars Percentage increase in Sales= (2.12/19.2)100=0.11=11% Starbucks sales growth is 11%. Return on Equity Return on equity is the amount of net income that has returned to the business calculated as a percentage of shareholder equity. This ratio is used to measure the profitability of a company by revealing the amount generated from the investments by the shareholders. It is calculated as follows: ROE=Net Income/Shareholders Equity= Net income=$2,757,400 Shareholder=$5,890,700 ROE=2,757,400/5,890,700=0.47 ROE=47% Operating margins The operating profit margin for Starbucks for the 2016 financial year is 18.47%. It is calculated by finding the operating income and dividing it by the revenue of the company. The operating income for Starbucks during this period was $4.17.The revenue for the same period id 21.31B OM=4.17/213.1=0.1847 =18.47 % Long term debt equity ratio This ratio is calculated by dividing the long term debt of the company with the equity of the company. This ratio is used to measure the long term solvency of the company and identify the balance between borrowed capital and owners equity. Long term debt=$3,202,200 Total equity=5,890,700 Debt/Equity ratio=3,202,200/5,890,700=0.5436 =54.4% Analysis of performance based on the calculations The performance of Starbucks can be analyzed from the ratios calculated using the information available concerning the company. Starbucks recorded a sales growth of 11% (Wilson, 109). This means that the company is headed in the right direction and the increase in sales especially in the Americas and China. The growth in sales is a positive for the company and it means that the strategies of the company are working. The return on Equity for Starbucks stands at 47%. This means that for every $1 of stakeholders investment, an investor gets $0.47. This return on equity is good for the investors of the company. A positive return on equity means that the company is able to generate enough profits to recoup good earnings on the investments. The operating margins for the company are also positive and it indicates good performance of the company. The debt/equity ratio of Starbucks is above 50%. This means that the company is operating using more debts than owners equity. Since the debts of the company are more than half of the capital of the business and therefore the management should focus on reducing the debt of the company since it reduces the solvency of the company. This is weakness since the cost of financing the debt may be high and become counterproductive. The arguments on the performance of Starbucks are based on information obtained from the balance sheet of the company. The income statement of the company is also in providing information that is used to access the performance of the company (Cravens and Piercy, 122). Annual audited financial statements are available on the companies` websites. Conclusion The paper analyzes the strategies that Starbucks uses to become competitive and to grow and expand in the market. The growth and expansion strategy of Starbucks is to open more outlets in different regions globally. The company is currently focusing on the China market and the Asia Pacific. Starbucks mainly segments its market geographically and demographically. Starbucks has positioned itself as a premium coffee outlet globally that offers consumers unique customer experience. References Cravens, David W, and Nigel F Piercy. Strategic Marketing. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irvin, 2013. Print. David, Meredith E., and Fred R. David. "Are Key Marketing Topics Adequately Covered In Strategic Management?."Journal of Strategic Marketing 25.5-6 (2016): 405-417. Web. Hitt, M.A. "Relevance Of Strategic Management Theory And Research For Supply Chain Management."Strategic Direction 27.7 (2011): n. pag. Web. McGee, John. Strategic Management. Chichester: Wiley, 2014. Print. Petit, Y. "Advancing Project And Portfolio Management Research: Applying Strategic Management Theories."Strategic Direction 28.9 (2012): n. pag. Web. Strategic Marketing Management. [Place of publication not identified]: Willford Pr, 2016. Print. Wilson, Richard. Strategic Marketing Management. [S.L.]: Routledge, 2017. Print.

Introduction to European Culture free essay sample

This family sees its financial difficulties deteriorating during the years. Between bankruptcy and redundancy, John Joyce obliges his family to move about fifteen times in a few years: with the father’s actions they have lost so many degrees in the social scale and continued to decrease. It is on this bottom of social decline that is made Joyce’s education. In 1888, James’ father sends him to the Jesuit middle school of Clongowes Wood and Joyce soon excels at religious education, English composition, mathematics, in the running and cricket. From this moment, and in spite of the big interest that he shows to the religion, the anticlerical jokes of his father bring him to ask themselves questions, which he brings back to us in Dedalus, on the order and the justice that embody his Jesuit teachers. The end of year 1891 is marked by new financial difficulties for John Joyce, which entails the retreat of James de Clongowes Wood. After two years, studying alone, James enters because of a favour the middle school Belvedere of Dublin, where he obtains remarkable results. At the same time, the double break with his family and with the religious education is going to become clearer and develop the young Joyce in the direction of a bigger and bigger responsibility in front of the transgression that announces as inevitable. When he was fourteen, at the same time as an unformulated questioning of its religious faith, he asserts its faith in the art. James is engaged in numerous readings and not only texts’ classic, which are so many discoveries in charge of teachings: Erckmann-Chatrian, Thomas Hardy, Meredith and especially Ibsen. During his sixteen, while he is going to enter University College of Dublin, the break with the Catholicism is consumed inside, otherwise publicly. Joyce penetrates into the literary world on the occasion of the reading, in 1900, in front of the Company of literature and history, an entitled essay the Drama and the life. Afterward, this essay can look as a manifesto; it contains a presentation of intention and method. It separates peremptorily the drama, with its intrigues pretexts to talk, that it is Greek or Shakespearean, from the literature as practice sending back to the unchanging frames of the human nature, but taking support on an individual experience which commits the real-life experience and the language of the writer. At the university, he confirms his opening on Europe, in particular towards Italy, the language of which he masters now. He reads and studies in depth Dante, D’Annunzio, Giordano Bruno, but also Thomas Mann, Tolstoi, Dostoievski, Flaubert, Nietzsche: all the authors we can read in this period. In 1902, he obtains his diploma of Bachelor of Arts; Dublin is then an intellectual center, and the literary life is there very active, maintained by W. B. Yeats, G. Moore, J. Synge, Standish O Grady, George Russell and lady Gregory. To make sure that every situation will allow him to express itself freely, Joyce decides to begin studies of medicine. Repeaters post would be necessary for him to meet the spending of these new studies. He takes pretext of a refusal of his application to proclaim that we join forces against him to silence him and, in 1902, he chooses to study in Paris. This shy exile is only a try before the total intellectual and spiritual exile that takes away him definitively from Ireland and from his aborigines (except for some rare visits, the last one in 1912). When he returns in Ireland in 1903, it’s for his mother’s death. Joyce knows then in Dublin an unstitched enough existence, which reminds his father and he begins drinking. He takes singing lessons; he borrows some money systematically to all his friends and falls out with a large number of them for diverse causes. He meets Nora Barnacle, beautiful young woman, simple and lively, who breaks her solitude; it’s with her that he decides to leave Ireland who rejects him. He has already begun to write Stephen the hero (first version of Dedalus) and publishes several novels of People of Dublin. By leaving for Zurich, James takes Ireland in his flesh and in his spirit to recreate it within a world that is going to replace the earth that it avoids. The reader who opens any of his works is confronted with an itch of bibliographic notations sending back as well to the private life of the author that in the public life of Ireland, even universe. They are not there as such, but mixed inextricably with the substance of a world of replacement: the literary object. Of Zurich, James and Nora quickly pass in Trieste. There, always put into debt, they lead a picaresque existence. It’s in opposition with the realistic illusion of XIXth century denounced by Paul Valery, against the current of the naturalistic literary production, that Joyce publishes his first papers. In all the novel of People of Dublin, life of the author child and the dublinoise life under all its aspects compose paintings where the human relationship assert themselves on a sinister mode. His chaotic and unstable life defines Joyces technical innovations in the art of the novel. It includes an extensive use of interior monologue; he used a complex network of symbolic parallels drawn from the mythology, history, and literature, and created a unique language of invented words, puns, and allusions. In a railway station in Holland, en route home to Trieste after his final trip to his homeland, Joyce writes, in 1912, this cutting satire in the voices of the Dublin publisher George Roberts and the printer, John Falconer. The publication history of Dubliners was a series of broken promises and confusion. John Falconer did print 1,000 copies of Dubliners in the summer of 1910, a year after the signed contract with Maunsel, but they were not bound or released. Two years later, after negotiations between Richards and Joyce became irretrievably bitter and public, they were destroyed. According to Joyce the 1,000 copies were burned (hence Gas from a Burner) though Richards averred that they were merely cut up and pulped. Joyce rescued one copy of his early masterpiece from destruction and never returned to Ireland. Joyces anger overcame his financial worries and he self-published this broadside in Trieste and sent copies to his brother Charles in Dublin for free distribution to his friends (and enemies) there. II. The work itself By leaning on the theoretical critical data of Aristote and Saint Thomas of Aquin, and basing his reflection on the relationship of the writer in his object, Joyce establishes a distinction between the diverse literary genres. In the lyric kind, the author and her double (his literary image) are in immediate relation; in the epic kind, the author presents his double by means of a mediation; in the dramatic kind, the double of the author appears in immediate relation with the others. It is remarkable that this progress finds itself in Joyces successive productions. The shout becomes a cadence in Chamber music, and People of Dublin is the articulation of a consciousness before any emotional. Dedalus emerges from the lyric mode of Stephen the hero. The passage of the staff in the epic takes place with Ulysses, where the emotional center of gravity is equidistant between the very artist and others. Gas from burner follows the same model as people of Dublin. The character of personal experience is marked by the use of the first person, means that selects and already organizes the elements that form Joyces realism . This pamphlet reports an initiation into the city of Dublin, during which he dashes a quest, meets the disappointment. His fascination for the words as a train is straightaway said to us. The words are not idle; they are capable of  «Ã‚  witchcraft  Ã‚ ». III. Influence of the work James Joyce had augured that his enigmatic texts would feed centuries during interpretations and experts quarrels IV. Critical review In 1915, the war forces him and his family to a new exile after eleven years spent in Trieste. Zurich, harbor for expatriates, welcomes them after a commitment of neutrality was taken with the Austrian authorities. With Ulysses’ housing start, it is the beginning of the big period of Joyces production. Chamber music was already published, People of Dublin is ended, and Stephen the hero took the definitive shape of Dedalus. According to his own expression, Joyce is above the fray. At the end of the war, Joyce’s family goes back to Trieste before joining Paris in 1920, where Joyce confronts himself at the entire Europe and America literary persons: Proust, Larbaud, Wyndham Lewis, Sherwood Anderson, Hemingway, Pound and Eliot, but none of these writers seems to influence his project. In 1922, Ulysses is published. The fame of his author is produced as well as his detractors and his adulators; comments and contradictory interpretations also contribute to it. So as it’s seen Valery Larbaud assimilating Joyce to Rabelais, while making of Ulysses a human comedy . However, this fame exceeds hardly the circle of initiated, even if it is vast. If Ulysses causes the admiration of Eliot and Hemingway, for Virginia Woolf it is the work of a boor, and Gertrude Stein sees only an intervention in his own experiences of writing there. Paul Claudel, Andre Gide and George Moore line up among his enemies. However, Joyce shook the literary consciousness of moment. But Joyce has already begun to collect the materials of Finnegans Wake, and enthusiastically, while being amazed at the finds himself, that he is going to go  «Ã‚  at the end of English  Ã‚ »   Ã‚  Ã‚  The life continues, often printed by melancholy, shared between the difficulties of publication, the worldly successes without big reality, the mental instability of his daughter Lucia, its worsening eyesight more and more, the drink, but also one obstinate labour that must result in a world history. Finnegans Wake is ended in 1939. The literary critics are taken by surprise: probably a big book , the most colossal hoax since the Ossian de Macpherson . The Second World War bursts, and, not without any trouble, the Joyce family joins Zurich, where James Joyce dies on January 13th, 1941 following the operation of a drilled duodenal ulcer.